Quantitative Evidence Examples: AI Practice Questions for Digital SAT Test
Quantitative evidence examples show the levels of difficulty of digital sat questions with examples produced by 5 different AI models.
What question set do you like, how would you grade these large language models, did they do a good job?
10 Quantitative Evidence Examples from ChatGPT
Question 1 – Archaeology and Temperature Analysis
IELTS: 7.5 / SAT Difficulty: High
Passage:
A team of archaeologists analyzed six ceramic artifacts recovered from a cave dwelling believed to be from 2000 BCE. By using thermoluminescence dating, they determined the maximum temperature each artifact was exposed to during its creation. The team concluded that the ancient people possessed the ability to control high-temperature kilns, as evidenced by multiple artifacts reaching or exceeding 900°C—an indication of advanced pyrotechnology.
Table: Maximum Firing Temperatures of Artifacts
Artifact | Max Temperature (°C) |
A1 | 850 |
A2 | 920 |
A3 | 875 |
A4 | 970 |
A5 | 760 |
A6 | 940 |
Question:
Which data best supports the researchers’ conclusion that the ancient people used high-temperature kilns?
A. Artifact A1 and A3 were fired at temperatures above 850°C.
B. Artifact A4 exceeded 950°C in firing temperature.
C. Artifacts A2, A4, and A6 were fired at temperatures at or above 900°C.
D. Artifact A5 was fired at only 760°C, far below high-temperature thresholds.
Explanation:
- C is correct because three artifacts (A2 = 920°C, A4 = 970°C, A6 = 940°C) meet or exceed the 900°C threshold, directly supporting the conclusion about high-temperature kilns.
- A is incorrect: A1 (850°C) is below the threshold mentioned in the passage.
- B is partially true but does not show that multiple artifacts met the threshold.
- D is irrelevant to the conclusion since it highlights a low value rather than supporting high-kiln evidence.
Question 2 – Experimental Survival Study
IELTS: 8.0 / SAT Difficulty: High
Passage:
Biologists Reyes and Nguyen examined the survival time of a lizard species in different environmental conditions. They held humidity constant (either high or low) and varied temperature between 10°C and 25°C. The researchers found that under high humidity, survival time increased steadily as temperature rose. Under low humidity, survival time changed only slightly.
Table: Survival Time Under Environmental Conditions
Temperature (°C) | High Humidity (hrs) | Low Humidity (hrs) |
10 | 20 | 22 |
15 | 25 | 23 |
20 | 30 | 24 |
25 | 35 | 24.5 |
Question:
Which choice best supports the researchers’ claim about the effect of temperature under high humidity?
A. At 10°C, lizards lived 2 hours longer under low humidity than high humidity.
B. Under high humidity, survival increased by 15 hours from 10°C to 25°C.
C. Survival under low humidity increased by only 2.5 hours across all temperatures.
D. At 25°C, survival under high humidity was 35 hours, while under low humidity it was 24.5.
Explanation:
- B is correct because under high humidity, survival increases from 20 to 35 hours (a 15-hour rise), showing a clear relationship between temperature and survival.
- A and D point out comparisons but do not highlight the trend of increasing survival across temperatures under high humidity.
- C, while accurate, supports the lack of temperature effect under low humidity, not the claimed effect under high humidity.
Question 3 – Correlation Study
IELTS: 7.0 / SAT Difficulty: Medium-High
Passage:
Researchers analyzed participants’ emotional responses in four types of environments by measuring correlation between ambient features and self-reported comfort. They concluded that natural sounds had the strongest positive correlation with comfort, while crowds had the strongest negative correlation.
Table: Correlations Between Environmental Factors and Comfort
Context | Correlation Score |
Urban Noise | -0.48 |
Natural Sounds | 0.72 |
Crowds | -0.61 |
Solitude | 0.64 |
Question:
Which choice best supports the researchers’ conclusion about correlation strength?
A. Natural sounds had a higher correlation than solitude.
B. Crowds had a negative correlation of -0.61.
C. Solitude had a moderately strong correlation of 0.64.
D. Natural sounds had the strongest absolute correlation value.
Explanation:
- D is correct: The absolute value of 0.72 (for natural sounds) is greater than all others, including -0.61 for crowds, confirming it as the strongest correlation overall.
- A, B, and C are factually true but do not compare absolute strength across conditions as required.
Question 4 – Analytical Chemistry Study
IELTS: 8.5 / SAT Difficulty: High
Passage:
Using gas chromatography, Dr. Toma’s team analyzed amino acids in a meteorite sample and compared the results with potential contamination sources. They concluded that glycine and formamide likely originated in space, since these molecules appeared in the meteorite but were absent in the contamination control.
Table: Molecular Presence in Samples
Molecule | Meteorite Sample | Contamination Control |
Glycine | Present | Absent |
Alanine | Present | Present |
Ethanol | Absent | Present |
Methane | Present | Present |
Formamide | Present | Absent |
Question:
Which data best supports the conclusion that certain molecules originated in space?
A. Alanine appeared in both meteorite and contamination samples.
B. Glycine and formamide are absent from the contamination control.
C. Methane and ethanol were present in the contamination control.
D. Formamide was present in both samples.
Explanation:
- B is correct: It identifies molecules that were found in the meteorite but not in the control, supporting the claim of non-contaminated origin.
- A shows contamination.
- C emphasizes contamination, not origin.
- D is factually incorrect—formamide was absent in the control.
Question 5 – Government Report
IELTS: 6.5 / SAT Difficulty: Medium
Passage:
A national agency released its 2023 infrastructure report, stating that all sectors increased in spending, with healthcare showing the largest percentage increase, followed closely by energy. The report compares changes from 2022 to 2023.
Table: Percent Increase by Category
Category | Percent Increase (2022–2023) |
Infrastructure | 8.5% |
Healthcare | 12.0% |
Education | 9.3% |
Energy | 11.2% |
Question:
The information in the table best supports which completion of the following sentence?
Compared to all other sectors, healthcare showed the most significant increase in investment, with
A. education rising by a higher percentage at 9.3%.
B. energy close behind at 11.2%.
C. infrastructure trailing at 12.1%.
D. energy rising slightly more than healthcare.
Explanation:
- B is correct: Healthcare is 12.0%, and energy is 11.2%, confirming the “close behind” comparison.
- A is false—9.3% is less than 12.0%.
- C fabricates a value for infrastructure (actual is 8.5%).
- D is incorrect—energy is less, not more.
Question 6 – Ecology and Plant Growth
IELTS: 7.0 / SAT Difficulty: Medium-High
Passage:
Botanist Dr. Levin investigated how different light wavelengths affect the growth rate of a desert grass species. She exposed four plant groups to monochromatic light—blue, red, green, and full-spectrum (control)—and measured growth over ten days. The blue light group showed the slowest growth, and the red light group showed the fastest.
Table: Average Plant Height Increase (cm) over 10 Days
Light Type | Height Increase |
Blue | 3.4 |
Green | 4.8 |
Red | 7.2 |
Full-Spectrum | 5.9 |
Question:
Which data best supports the claim that red light promotes the most rapid plant growth?
A. The red group grew 3.8 cm more than the blue group.
B. Full-spectrum light produced more growth than green light.
C. The blue group had the lowest growth at 3.4 cm.
D. Red light caused less growth than full-spectrum light.
Explanation:
- A is correct: Red = 7.2 cm, Blue = 3.4 cm, so the 3.8 cm difference highlights red light’s effect.
- B is true but irrelevant to red light’s dominance.
- C supports a different claim (blue is lowest).
- D is incorrect—the data contradicts it.
Question 7 – Economic Development Report
IELTS: 6.5 / SAT Difficulty: Medium
Passage:
A government report compared economic growth across three provinces. It stated that Province C experienced the greatest overall GDP increase in absolute terms, while Province B had the highest percentage increase from 2022 to 2023.
Table: GDP in Billions (USD)
Province | 2022 GDP | 2023 GDP |
A | 128.4 | 135.1 |
B | 92.0 | 105.8 |
C | 170.2 | 186.5 |
Question:
Which data best supports the claim that Province B had the largest percentage increase?
A. Province B’s GDP rose by 13.8 billion USD from 2022 to 2023.
B. Province C had a total increase of 16.3 billion USD.
C. Province A’s percentage increase was smaller than Province B’s.
D. Province B’s percentage increase was about 15%, larger than Province C’s 9.6%.
Explanation:
- D is correct: It gives the exact percentage increase (~15%) for B, compared to C (~9.6%), which supports the claim.
- A and B give absolute values, not percentages.
- C is vague and less precise than D.
Question 8 – Climate Change and Sea Ice
IELTS: 8.5 / SAT Difficulty: High
Passage:
Scientists at the Polar Institute tracked Arctic sea ice extent over five decades. Their model predicted a steeper rate of decline between 2000 and 2020 than in previous periods. The researchers used linear regression to model average September sea ice extent in millions of square kilometers.
Table: Arctic Sea Ice in September (millions of sq km)
Year | Sea Ice Extent |
1980 | 7.6 |
1990 | 7.2 |
2000 | 6.8 |
2010 | 5.3 |
2020 | 4.1 |
Question:
Which data best supports the scientists’ claim about a steeper decline in recent decades?
A. From 1980 to 2000, sea ice declined by 0.8 million sq km per decade.
B. From 2000 to 2020, sea ice declined by 1.35 million sq km per decade.
C. The 1990 value was higher than the 2020 value by 3.1 million sq km.
D. The largest single-decade drop was between 2010 and 2020.
Explanation:
- B is correct: The 2000–2020 decline is steeper (2.7 million total, or 1.35 per decade), which supports the claim.
- A shows a shallower decline.
- C and D are interesting but don’t quantify the change rate across time.
Question 9 – Chemical Solubility Study
IELTS: 7.5 / SAT Difficulty: High
Passage:
A chemistry team investigated how the solubility of compound Z varied with temperature in water. Their data showed that solubility increased nonlinearly, with the most rapid increase occurring between 60°C and 80°C.
Table: Solubility of Compound Z (g per 100 mL water)
Temperature (°C) | Solubility (g) |
20 | 22 |
40 | 28 |
60 | 35 |
80 | 54 |
100 | 60 |
Question:
Which data best supports the conclusion about a nonlinear solubility increase?
A. Between 60°C and 80°C, solubility increased by 19 g.
B. Between 40°C and 60°C, solubility increased by only 7 g.
C. Solubility increased by 38 g from 20°C to 100°C.
D. The average increase per 20°C interval was 9.5 g.
Explanation:
- A is correct: A 19 g increase between 60°C and 80°C shows a sharp rise, suggesting nonlinearity.
- B gives context but shows a slower rise.
- C and D show general trends but not the change in rate.
Question 10 – Psychology Study on Task Switching
IELTS: 7.0 / SAT Difficulty: Medium-High
Passage:
Psychologists tested how task switching affected average response time. Participants performed 3 blocks of 20 trials each: one with no task switching, one with occasional switches, and one with frequent switching.
Table: Average Response Time per Block (ms)
Task Condition | Avg. Response Time (ms) |
No Switching | 421 |
Occasional Switches | 502 |
Frequent Switching | 593 |
Question:
Which data best supports the researchers’ conclusion that task switching impairs performance?
A. The average response time increased by 81 ms with occasional switching.
B. Frequent switching resulted in a 172 ms delay over the no-switch condition.
C. The fastest average time was in the no-switch condition.
D. Occasional switching showed a lower delay than frequent switching.
Explanation:
- B is correct: The increase from 421 ms to 593 ms directly shows a significant performance decline with frequent switching.
- A is also true but weaker than B.
- C and D are factual but less supportive of impairment magnitude.
10 Quantitative Evidence Examples from Claude
Question 1: Archaeological Research – Ancient Fire Control
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.5 / SAT Standard
Passage
Archaeological researchers Dr. Martinez and her team investigated ancient fire-making capabilities at three Paleolithic sites in southern Europe. Using advanced thermoluminescence dating, they analyzed ceramic fragments and heated stones to determine maximum temperatures achieved by early humans. The team concluded that inhabitants at these sites possessed sophisticated fire control techniques, as evidenced by their ability to consistently generate temperatures exceeding 800°C—a threshold necessary for advanced tool-making and food preparation. This finding challenges previous assumptions about the technological limitations of Paleolithic communities and suggests more complex behavioral adaptations than previously recognized.
Data Table: Maximum Temperatures Recorded (°C)
Site | Artifact A | Artifact B | Artifact C | Artifact D | Artifact E |
Cantabria | 850 | 920 | 780 | 865 | 890 |
Pyrenees | 820 | 760 | 840 | 885 | 810 |
Provence | 795 | 870 | 825 | 900 | 815 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion about ancient fire control capabilities?
- A) At the Cantabria site, temperatures ranged from 780°C to 920°C, showing variation in fire-making techniques.
- B) The majority of artifacts across all three sites show temperatures exceeding 800°C, with 12 out of 15 measurements above this threshold.
- C) The Pyrenees site had the lowest individual temperature reading at 760°C, indicating less advanced techniques.
- D) Average temperatures were highest at Cantabria (861°C), followed by Provence (841°C), then Pyrenees (823°C).
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: B This choice directly supports the researchers’ conclusion by identifying that 12 of 15 artifacts (80%) exceeded the 800°C threshold mentioned as necessary for advanced techniques. This quantitative evidence demonstrates “consistent” high-temperature achievement across sites.
A – Incorrect: While accurate, this focuses only on one site and describes variation rather than supporting the conclusion about sophisticated capabilities.
C – Incorrect: This choice emphasizes a limitation rather than supporting evidence, and focuses on an outlier rather than the overall pattern.
D – Incorrect: While mathematically correct, this presents averages without reference to the crucial 800°C threshold that defines the researchers’ conclusion.
Question 2: Environmental Biology – Survival Study
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0 / SAT Advanced
Passage
Environmental biologists Dr. Chen and Dr. Rodriguez conducted a controlled experiment to investigate the relationship between atmospheric humidity and survival duration in desert-adapted beetles (Coleoptera tenebrionidae). Over six months, they maintained constant temperature (35°C) and light conditions while systematically varying humidity levels from 10% to 60% relative humidity. The researchers placed individual beetles in sealed chambers and monitored survival time until death. They hypothesized that survival duration would increase proportionally with humidity levels when temperature remains constant. Their findings supported this hypothesis, demonstrating that water availability, rather than temperature fluctuation, serves as the primary limiting factor for survival in controlled desert conditions.
Data Table: Mean Survival Time (Hours)
Humidity Level | Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Mean |
10% | 18 | 22 | 16 | 18.7 |
25% | 31 | 28 | 35 | 31.3 |
40% | 47 | 52 | 44 | 47.7 |
60% | 68 | 71 | 65 | 68.0 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ claim about the relationship between humidity and survival duration at constant temperature?
- A) Individual trial results show variation, with Trial 1 at 60% humidity (68 hours) exceeding Trial 3 at 40% humidity (44 hours) by 24 hours.
- B) The mean survival time increases consistently across humidity levels: 18.7, 31.3, 47.7, and 68.0 hours, demonstrating a positive correlation.
- C) At 25% humidity, survival times varied from 28 to 35 hours, indicating experimental reliability concerns.
- D) The difference between highest (71 hours) and lowest (16 hours) individual measurements spans 55 hours across all conditions.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: B This choice correctly identifies the systematic increase in mean survival times as humidity increases, directly supporting the researchers’ hypothesis about proportional relationship under constant temperature conditions.
A – Incorrect: While accurate, this compares individual trials across different conditions rather than showing the systematic relationship claimed by researchers.
C – Incorrect: This focuses on variation within one condition rather than the overall pattern, and suggests problems with the methodology rather than supporting findings.
D – Incorrect: This describes the overall range but doesn’t demonstrate the claimed proportional relationship between variables.
Question 3: Psychology – Correlation Analysis
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.0 / SAT Standard
Passage
Researchers Dr. Kim and Dr. Walsh investigated the relationship between social media usage and sleep quality among college students. They tracked 200 participants across four different contexts: weekdays during exam periods, weekdays during regular semester, weekends during exam periods, and weekends during regular semester. Participants rated their sleep quality on a scale from 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent) while researchers recorded daily social media usage in hours. Correlation coefficients were calculated for each context, with values ranging from -1 to 1, where greater distance from 0 indicates stronger correlation strength. The researchers concluded that social media usage showed stronger negative correlation with sleep quality during high-stress periods (exam weeks) compared to regular academic periods.
Data Table: Correlation Coefficients
Context | Social Media vs Sleep Quality |
Weekdays – Exam Period | -0.78 |
Weekdays – Regular Semester | -0.42 |
Weekends – Exam Period | -0.71 |
Weekends – Regular Semester | -0.35 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion about correlation strength during different academic periods?
- A) All correlation coefficients are negative, indicating that increased social media usage consistently relates to decreased sleep quality.
- B) Weekday correlations (-0.78 and -0.42) are stronger than weekend correlations (-0.71 and -0.35) in their respective periods.
- C) Exam period correlations (|-0.78| = 0.78 and |-0.71| = 0.71) show greater absolute values than regular semester correlations (|-0.42| = 0.42 and |-0.35| = 0.35).
- D) The strongest individual correlation occurs during weekdays in exam periods (-0.78), while the weakest occurs during weekend regular semester (-0.35).
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: C This choice correctly compares absolute values to assess correlation strength, showing that both exam period contexts (0.78 and 0.71) exceed both regular semester contexts (0.42 and 0.35), supporting the researchers’ conclusion about stronger correlations during high-stress periods.
A – Incorrect: While accurate about negative direction, this doesn’t address the comparative strength claim about different academic periods.
B – Incorrect: This incorrectly compares weekdays vs weekends rather than exam periods vs regular periods as stated in the researchers’ conclusion.
D – Incorrect: While factually correct about individual extreme values, this doesn’t demonstrate the systematic pattern claimed by researchers about period differences.
Question 4: Analytical Chemistry – Contamination Analysis
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.5 / SAT Advanced
Passage
Astrochemists Dr. Nakamura and Dr. Singh employed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze organic compounds in meteorite samples from the Murchison meteorite, seeking to determine whether complex organic molecules originated in space or resulted from terrestrial contamination. They compared molecular composition between pristine interior fragments and samples from areas exposed to Earth’s atmosphere and soil. The analytical process separated and identified individual compounds based on their unique molecular signatures and retention times. The researchers concluded that several amino acids and nucleotide bases detected in the meteorite samples represent genuine extraterrestrial organic synthesis rather than contamination, providing evidence for prebiotic chemistry in space environments preceding Earth’s formation.
Data Table: Compound Detection Results
Compound | Interior Sample | Exposed Sample | Soil Control |
Glycine | Present | Present | Present |
Alanine | Present | Present | Absent |
Aspartic Acid | Present | Absent | Absent |
Valine | Present | Present | Present |
Adenine | Present | Absent | Absent |
Cytosine | Absent | Absent | Present |
Uracil | Present | Absent | Absent |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion about extraterrestrial origin versus contamination?
- A) Glycine and Valine appear in all three sample types, indicating widespread contamination from terrestrial sources.
- B) Cytosine appears only in the soil control sample, demonstrating the researchers’ ability to detect contamination patterns.
- C) Aspartic Acid, Adenine, and Uracil are present in interior samples but absent from both exposed samples and soil controls, indicating extraterrestrial origin.
- D) Alanine appears in both meteorite samples but not soil controls, suggesting partial contamination during atmospheric entry.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: C This choice correctly identifies compounds that appear exclusively in the pristine interior sample, which logically supports extraterrestrial origin since they cannot be attributed to terrestrial contamination sources.
A – Incorrect: While accurate about these compounds’ presence, this evidence would argue against rather than support the extraterrestrial origin conclusion.
B – Incorrect: Though correct about Cytosine, this demonstrates contamination detection capability but doesn’t support the main conclusion about extraterrestrial compounds.
D – Incorrect: This suggests contamination rather than supporting the extraterrestrial origin conclusion, and doesn’t address the strongest evidence from interior-only compounds.
Question 5: Government Data Report – Economic Analysis
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.5 / SAT Standard
Passage
The Department of Commerce released its annual Economic Sector Growth Report, analyzing percentage increases across five major economic categories: manufacturing, technology services, healthcare, retail trade, and financial services. The comprehensive dataset encompasses employment figures, revenue generation, and investment capital for each sector during the previous fiscal year. Initial analysis revealed that all sectors experienced positive growth, with increases ranging from modest to substantial across different economic indicators. However, detailed examination of the data led analysts to conclude that technology-related sectors demonstrated significantly stronger performance compared to traditional manufacturing and retail categories. This pattern reflects ongoing structural shifts in the domestic economy toward knowledge-based and service-oriented industries, consistent with global economic trends observed in developed nations.
Data Table: Annual Growth Percentages by Sector
Sector | Employment | Revenue | Investment |
Manufacturing | 3.2% | 4.1% | 2.8% |
Technology Services | 12.4% | 15.7% | 18.3% |
Healthcare | 6.8% | 8.2% | 7.1% |
Retail Trade | 2.9% | 3.6% | 2.1% |
Financial Services | 5.1% | 6.9% | 8.4% |
Question
Based on the data in the table, complete the following statement: The analysts’ conclusion about technology-related sectors’ superior performance is supported by the fact that Technology Services showed ______________.
- A) employment growth of 12.4%, which exceeded the 6.8% growth in Healthcare, the second-highest performing sector in employment.
- B) consistent positive growth across all three indicators, similar to all other sectors except Manufacturing in investment.
- C) investment growth of 18.3% and revenue growth of 15.7%, both substantially higher than Manufacturing (2.8% and 4.1%) and Retail Trade (2.1% and 3.6%).
- D) total combined growth of 46.4% across all indicators, representing the highest cumulative performance among all sectors.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: C This choice provides specific percentage comparisons that demonstrate “significantly stronger performance” by showing Technology Services’ substantial margins over traditional sectors (Manufacturing and Retail Trade) in key economic indicators.
A – Incorrect: While accurate about employment figures, this only compares to Healthcare rather than demonstrating superior performance over “traditional manufacturing and retail categories” as stated in the conclusion.
B – Incorrect: This describes universal positive growth rather than demonstrating Technology Services’ superior performance relative to other sectors.
D – Incorrect: While the math may be correct, the “total combined growth” approach isn’t a meaningful economic comparison method and doesn’t reflect how analysts typically compare sector performance.
Question 6: Climate Research – Ice Core Analysis
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0 / SAT Advanced
Passage
Paleoclimatologists Dr. Larsen and Dr. Petrova extracted ice cores from three Greenland locations to reconstruct atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past millennium. Using spectroscopic analysis of trapped air bubbles, they measured CO₂ levels at 50-year intervals, creating a comprehensive dataset spanning from 1000 CE to 2000 CE. The researchers identified a significant acceleration in atmospheric CO₂ accumulation beginning in the 18th century, coinciding with industrialization. They concluded that pre-industrial CO₂ levels remained relatively stable around 280 parts per million (ppm), while post-1750 measurements show exponential increases. This pattern provides crucial evidence for anthropogenic climate change, distinguishing recent rapid increases from natural variations observed in earlier centuries.
Data Table: Average CO₂ Concentrations (ppm) by Time Period
Time Period | Site A | Site B | Site C | Mean |
1000-1250 CE | 278 | 281 | 276 | 278.3 |
1250-1500 CE | 279 | 277 | 282 | 279.3 |
1500-1750 CE | 281 | 284 | 278 | 281.0 |
1750-2000 CE | 324 | 331 | 327 | 327.3 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion about CO₂ stability before industrialization versus rapid increases afterward?
- A) Individual site measurements show consistency, with Site A ranging from 278 to 324 ppm across all time periods.
- B) Pre-1750 mean concentrations (278.3, 279.3, 281.0 ppm) remain within 3 ppm of each other, while the post-1750 mean (327.3 ppm) represents a 46+ ppm increase.
- C) Site C shows the greatest variation, ranging from 276 ppm in the earliest period to 327 ppm in the most recent period.
- D) The 1750-2000 CE period shows inter-site variation of only 7 ppm (324-331), indicating measurement reliability.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: B This choice correctly demonstrates both components of the researchers’ conclusion: pre-industrial stability (small variations around 280 ppm) and dramatic post-1750 acceleration (46+ ppm increase), providing quantitative evidence for both claims.
A – Incorrect: While showing one site’s range, this doesn’t effectively demonstrate the stability vs acceleration pattern central to the researchers’ conclusion.
C – Incorrect: This focuses on one site’s total range rather than demonstrating the temporal pattern of stability followed by rapid change.
D – Incorrect: This addresses measurement precision in the recent period but doesn’t support the main conclusion about historical patterns.
Question 7: Neuroscience – Memory Performance Study
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.5 / SAT Standard
Passage
Cognitive neuroscientists Dr. Patel and Dr. Thompson investigated the effects of sleep deprivation on different types of memory formation in young adults. They recruited 120 participants and randomly assigned them to four experimental conditions: normal sleep with verbal tasks, normal sleep with visual tasks, sleep-deprived with verbal tasks, and sleep-deprived with visual tasks. Sleep-deprived participants stayed awake for 24 hours before testing, while control groups received normal 7-8 hours of sleep. All participants completed standardized memory assessments, with scores ranging from 0-100 points. The researchers hypothesized that sleep deprivation would impair visual memory formation more severely than verbal memory, based on neuroimaging studies showing that visual processing regions are more vulnerable to sleep loss effects.
Data Table: Mean Memory Test Scores
Condition | Mean Score | Standard Deviation |
Normal Sleep + Verbal | 78.4 | 8.2 |
Normal Sleep + Visual | 74.1 | 9.7 |
Sleep Deprived + Verbal | 71.2 | 11.3 |
Sleep Deprived + Visual | 58.9 | 13.1 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ hypothesis about differential sleep deprivation effects?
- A) Sleep-deprived participants scored lower than normal sleep participants in both verbal (71.2 vs 78.4) and visual (58.9 vs 74.1) conditions.
- B) Visual tasks showed greater performance decline under sleep deprivation (15.2 point decrease) compared to verbal tasks (7.2 point decrease).
- C) Standard deviations increase with sleep deprivation, from 8.2 to 11.3 for verbal tasks and 9.7 to 13.1 for visual tasks.
- D) Normal sleep conditions produced higher mean scores for verbal tasks (78.4) than visual tasks (74.1), indicating baseline differences.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: B This choice directly supports the hypothesis by quantifying that visual memory showed a larger performance decline (74.1 – 58.9 = 15.2 points) compared to verbal memory decline (78.4 – 71.2 = 7.2 points) under sleep deprivation.
A – Incorrect: While accurate, this shows general sleep deprivation effects but doesn’t demonstrate the differential impact (visual vs verbal) that the hypothesis specifically predicts.
C – Incorrect: This addresses measurement variability rather than supporting the hypothesis about differential memory type vulnerabilities.
D – Incorrect: This describes baseline differences between task types rather than supporting the hypothesis about sleep deprivation’s differential effects.
Question 8: Marine Biology – Ocean Acidification
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.5 / SAT Advanced
Passage
Marine biologists Dr. Foster and Dr. Chen conducted a longitudinal study examining shell thickness in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) under varying ocean pH conditions. They established four laboratory-controlled environments simulating different acidification scenarios: current ocean pH (8.1), moderate acidification (pH 7.9), severe acidification (pH 7.7), and extreme acidification (pH 7.5). Over six months, they measured shell thickness development in juvenile oysters, with each pH group containing 50 specimens. The researchers predicted that increasing acidification (decreasing pH) would systematically reduce calcium carbonate deposition, resulting in progressively thinner shells. Their findings confirmed this hypothesis, demonstrating a clear inverse relationship between ocean pH levels and shell formation capacity, with implications for marine ecosystem sustainability under climate change scenarios.
Data Table: Mean Shell Thickness After 6 Months (mm)
pH Level | Mean Thickness | Sample Size | 95% Confidence Interval |
8.1 (Current) | 4.23 | 50 | 4.15-4.31 |
7.9 (Moderate) | 3.87 | 50 | 3.79-3.95 |
7.7 (Severe) | 3.41 | 50 | 3.32-3.50 |
7.5 (Extreme) | 2.95 | 50 | 2.86-3.04 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ hypothesis about the inverse relationship between pH and shell thickness?
- A) All confidence intervals show non-overlapping ranges, indicating statistically significant differences between each pH condition.
- B) Shell thickness decreases systematically as pH decreases: 4.23 mm (pH 8.1), 3.87 mm (pH 7.9), 3.41 mm (pH 7.7), and 2.95 mm (pH 7.5).
- C) Sample sizes remain constant at 50 specimens across all conditions, ensuring experimental reliability and statistical power.
- D) The difference between current conditions (4.23 mm) and extreme acidification (2.95 mm) represents a 30% reduction in shell thickness.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: B This choice directly demonstrates the systematic inverse relationship by showing that shell thickness consistently decreases as pH decreases across all four conditions, providing clear evidence for the predicted pattern.
A – Incorrect: While important for statistical validity, this addresses significance testing rather than demonstrating the specific inverse relationship pattern that was hypothesized.
C – Incorrect: This describes experimental design quality but doesn’t provide evidence supporting the hypothesis about the pH-thickness relationship.
D – Incorrect: While mathematically relevant, this focuses on only the extreme comparison rather than demonstrating the systematic inverse relationship across all pH levels.
Question 9: Social Psychology – Group Decision Making
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.0 / SAT Standard
Passage
Social psychologists Dr. Williams and Dr. Kumar investigated decision-making accuracy in groups of different sizes under time pressure conditions. They recruited 240 participants and organized them into groups of 3, 6, 9, and 12 members, with each group completing identical problem-solving tasks within strict 15-minute time limits. Each task required analytical reasoning and had objectively correct solutions, allowing researchers to measure accuracy percentages. The study design controlled for individual intelligence levels and prior experience with similar problems. The researchers hypothesized that moderate-sized groups (6-9 members) would demonstrate optimal performance, balancing diverse perspectives with efficient communication, while very small groups would lack sufficient input and very large groups would suffer from coordination difficulties and social loafing effects.
Data Table: Group Performance Results
Group Size | Number of Groups | Mean Accuracy (%) | Tasks Completed |
3 members | 20 | 64.2 | 4.1 |
6 members | 10 | 78.9 | 3.8 |
9 members | 8 | 76.3 | 3.4 |
12 members | 5 | 68.7 | 2.9 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ hypothesis about optimal group size?
- A) Six-member groups achieved the highest mean accuracy (78.9%), followed closely by nine-member groups (76.3%), both exceeding three-member (64.2%) and twelve-member (68.7%) groups.
- B) Task completion rates decrease as group size increases, from 4.1 tasks for three-member groups to 2.9 tasks for twelve-member groups.
- C) The number of groups tested varies inversely with group size, from 20 three-member groups to 5 twelve-member groups.
- D) Twelve-member groups outperformed three-member groups in accuracy (68.7% vs 64.2%) despite completing fewer tasks.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: A This choice directly supports the hypothesis by showing that moderate-sized groups (6 and 9 members) achieved higher accuracy than both smaller (3 members) and larger (12 members) groups, demonstrating the predicted optimal performance pattern.
B – Incorrect: While accurate about task completion trends, this doesn’t address the accuracy-based hypothesis about optimal group size for decision-making quality.
C – Incorrect: This describes the experimental design constraint (total participants = 240) rather than supporting the hypothesis about group size effectiveness.
D – Incorrect: This comparison between extreme group sizes doesn’t demonstrate the predicted optimal performance of moderate-sized groups.
Question 10: Public Health – Vaccination Efficacy
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0 / SAT Advanced
Passage
Epidemiologists Dr. Martinez and Dr. Johnson analyzed vaccination effectiveness data from a large-scale public health surveillance program tracking influenza cases across four demographically similar metropolitan regions over three consecutive flu seasons. Each region implemented different vaccination coverage strategies: Region A maintained standard coverage (45-50%), Region B achieved moderate coverage (60-65%), Region C reached high coverage (75-80%), and Region D attained very high coverage (85-90%). The researchers calculated attack rates (percentage of population infected) for each region and season, controlling for population density, age distribution, and socioeconomic factors. They concluded that communities achieving vaccination coverage above 75% demonstrated substantial protection benefits, exhibiting what epidemiologists term “herd immunity threshold effects” that provide population-wide disease reduction beyond individual protection levels.
Data Table: Influenza Attack Rates (%) by Region and Season
Region | Coverage Level | Season 1 | Season 2 | Season 3 | Mean |
A | 45-50% | 12.4 | 15.7 | 18.1 | 15.4 |
B | 60-65% | 9.8 | 11.3 | 13.2 | 11.4 |
C | 75-80% | 4.2 | 6.1 | 7.8 | 6.0 |
D | 85-90% | 2.1 | 3.4 | 4.7 | 3.4 |
Question
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ conclusion about herd immunity threshold effects above 75% coverage?
- A) Attack rates decrease consistently as vaccination coverage increases across all regions: 15.4% (Region A), 11.4% (Region B), 6.0% (Region C), and 3.4% (Region D).
- B) Regions C and D, with coverage above 75%, show mean attack rates (6.0% and 3.4%) substantially lower than Regions A and B (15.4% and 11.4%) with coverage below 75%.
- C) All regions show attack rate variation across seasons, with Season 3 producing the highest rates in every region.
- D) Region D consistently achieved the lowest attack rates across all three seasons: 2.1%, 3.4%, and 4.7%.
Answer Explanations
Correct Answer: B This choice directly supports the conclusion by showing that regions exceeding the 75% threshold (C and D) achieved dramatically lower attack rates compared to regions below the threshold (A and B), demonstrating the substantial protection benefits claimed by researchers.
A – Incorrect: While showing a general trend, this doesn’t specifically demonstrate the threshold effect at 75% coverage that the researchers concluded was crucial for herd immunity benefits.
C – Incorrect: This describes seasonal variation patterns but doesn’t support the conclusion about vaccination coverage thresholds and herd immunity effects.
D – Incorrect: While accurate about Region D’s superior performance, this doesn’t demonstrate the threshold effect concept that distinguishes above-75% regions from below-75% regions.
Summary Assessment
These questions demonstrate mastery of SAT Command of Evidence: Quantitative format requirements:
- Academic Rigor: Complex scientific passages with authentic research scenarios
- Data Integration: Tables and quantitative information requiring analytical interpretation
- Evidence Evaluation: Multiple-choice options testing ability to identify supporting data
- Difficulty Range: IELTS 7.0-8.5 levels appropriate for SAT demographics
- Answer Quality: Detailed explanations distinguishing correct reasoning from common errors
- Format Consistency: Professional SAT styling with proper academic vocabulary
Each question requires students to synthesize reading comprehension with quantitative reasoning skills essential for college-level academic success.
10 Quantitative Evidence Examples from DeepSeek
Question 1 (Archaeology – Temperature & Tool-Making)
Passage:
A team studying Neanderthal tools concluded that flint knapping was most successful when temperatures were above 10°C. They analyzed 200 artifacts, recording sharpness (1–5 scale) and estimated ancient temperatures from sediment layers.
Data Table:
Site | Temp (°C) | Sharpness Score |
X | 8 | 2 |
Y | 12 | 4 |
Z | 15 | 5 |
Question:
Which data best supports the conclusion that tool quality improved above 10°C?
A) Site X (8°C, score 2) – Shows poor quality below threshold
B) Site Y (12°C, score 4) – First example above threshold
C) Site Z (15°C, score 5) – Highest score above threshold
D) All sites – General trend
- B The conclusion emphasizes improvement above 10°C. Site Y is the first instance exceeding the threshold, directly supporting the claim.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A: Demonstrates failure below 10°C but doesn’t support improvement above.
- C: Shows peak performance but doesn’t highlight the threshold effect.
- D: Too vague; the claim is about the 10°C threshold specifically.
Question 2 (Biology – pH & Enzyme Activity)
Passage:
Dr. Chen’s team found that Enzyme X works optimally at pH 7. Activity was measured in micromoles/min at varying pH levels, with all other conditions constant.
Data Table:
pH | Activity (μmol/min) |
5 | 20 |
7 | 95 |
9 | 45 |
Question:
Which data supports the claim about optimal pH?
A) pH 5: 20 – Low activity in acidic conditions
B) pH 7: 95 – Highest activity
C) pH 9: 45 – Decline in basic conditions
D) All data – Shows variability
- B “Optimal” means peak performance, which is 95 at pH 7.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A/C: Show suboptimal activity but don’t prove the optimal point.
- D: Doesn’t isolate the key finding (pH 7 is best).
Question 3 (Psychology – Sleep & Test Scores)
Passage:
Researchers correlated nightly sleep (hours) and exam scores (%) in 100 students. They concluded that sleep had a stronger correlation with math than literature scores.
Data Table:
Subject | Correlation (r) |
Math | 0.65 |
Literature | 0.35 |
Question:
Which data supports the conclusion?
A) Math: r = 0.65 – Stronger positive correlation
B) Literature: r = 0.35 – Weaker correlation
C) Both – Show some relationship
D) Neither – Correlations are low
- A The claim compares strength (absolute value). Math’s |0.65| > |0.35|.
- Incorrect Answers:
- B: Correct about literature but doesn’t address the comparison.
- C/D: Misinterpret the claim’s focus on relative strength.
Question 4 (Chemistry – Metal Corrosion)
Passage:
Scientists analyzed iron corrosion in saline solutions. They concluded that corrosion increased with salinity, but only above 3% salt concentration.
Data Table:
Salt (%) | Corrosion Rate (mg/day) |
1 | 0.2 |
3 | 0.3 |
5 | 1.5 |
Question:
Which data supports the threshold effect?
A) 1%: 0.2 – Low rate below threshold
B) 3%: 0.3 – Threshold point
C) 5%: 1.5 – Sharp increase above threshold
D) All – Gradual increase
- C The conclusion highlights a change above 3%. The jump to 1.5 at 5% proves this.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A/B: Show baseline data but not the threshold effect.
- D: Misrepresents the nonlinear trend.
Question 5 (Economics – GDP & Education Spending)
Passage:
A World Bank report found that GDP growth outpaced education spending growth in 2010–2020, though both increased.
Data Table:
Year | GDP Growth (%) | Education Growth (%) |
2010 | 2.1 | 1.5 |
2020 | 3.8 | 2.0 |
Question:
Which data shows GDP growing faster?
A) 2010: +2.1% vs. +1.5% – Initial difference
B) 2020: +3.8% vs. +2.0% – Widening gap
C) Both – Consistent trend
D) Neither – Education grew
- C The claim is about the entire period. Both years show GDP > Education.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A/B: Only partial evidence; the claim covers 2010–2020.
- D: Misreads the comparative claim.
Question 6 (Archaeology – Labor Hours vs. Tool Quality)
Passage:
Anthropologists hypothesized that prehistoric toolmakers achieved “skilled” craftsmanship (score ≥7 on a 10-point scale) only after 15+ hours of labor. They analyzed 50 tools, recording labor time (estimated from microscopic wear) and quality scores.
Data Table:
Tool | Labor (Hours) | Quality Score |
P | 10 | 5 |
Q | 15 | 6 |
R | 20 | 8 |
Question:
Which data supports the “skilled craftsmanship” hypothesis?
A) Tool P (10 hrs, score 5) – Below threshold for labor and quality
B) Tool Q (15 hrs, score 6) – Meets labor time but not quality
C) Tool R (20 hrs, score 8) – Exceeds both thresholds
D) All tools – Show general progression
- C Only Tool R meets both conditions: >15 hours and score ≥7.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A: Fails both criteria.
- B: Meets labor time but lacks the required quality.
- D: Tool P undermines the hypothesis.
Question 7 (Environmental Science – CO2 & Plant Growth)
Passage:
A study claimed that wheat growth peaks at 500 ppm CO2, declining at higher concentrations. Plants were grown in controlled chambers with varying CO2 levels, measuring biomass after 30 days.
Data Table:
CO2 (ppm) | Biomass Increase (%) |
300 | 10 |
500 | 15 |
700 | 12 |
Question:
Which data supports the “peak growth at 500 ppm” claim?
A) 300 ppm: +10% – Baseline growth
B) 500 ppm: +15% – Highest observed increase
C) 700 ppm: +12% – Decline from peak
D) All data – Shows variability
- B The claim centers on the peak (maximum growth), which is 15% at 500 ppm.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A/C: Show lower growth but don’t identify the peak.
- D: Doesn’t isolate the key finding.
Question 8 (Medicine – Drug Dosage & Side Effects)
Passage:
A clinical trial concluded that Drug X is safe at doses ≤50 mg (side effects in ≤10% of patients). Results were tracked across dosage groups.
Data Table:
Dosage (mg) | Side Effect Rate (%) |
25 | 5 |
50 | 8 |
75 | 20 |
Question:
Which data supports the safety threshold claim?
A) 25 mg: 5% – Below threshold
B) 50 mg: 8% – At the threshold limit
C) 75 mg: 20% – Exceeds threshold
D) All dosages – Show a trend
- B The claim specifies safety up to 50 mg (≤10%). 50 mg at 8% is the highest safe dose.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A: Supports safety but doesn’t test the threshold.
- C: Violates the claim.
- D: Includes unsafe data.
Question 9 (Astronomy – Star Temperature & Color)
Passage:
Astronomers asserted that blue stars are hottest (>8,000K), followed by white, then red. They cataloged 100 stars, recording color and surface temperature.
Data Table:
Star | Color | Temperature (K) |
W | Blue | 10,000 |
X | White | 6,000 |
Y | Red | 3,500 |
Question:
Which data supports the color-temperature hierarchy?
A) Star W (Blue, 10,000K) – Hottest
B) Star X (White, 6,000K) – Intermediate
C) Star Y (Red, 3,500K) – Coolest
D) All stars – Demonstrate the sequence
- D The claim compares all three categories. Together, they show blue > white > red.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A/B/C: Only prove one segment of the hierarchy.
Question 10 (Sociology – Income vs. Library Visits)
Passage:
Researchers correlated household income ($) with annual library visits, reporting a stronger negative correlation in urban (r = -0.7) than rural (r = -0.3) areas.
Data Table:
Area | Correlation (r) |
Urban | -0.7 |
Rural | -0.3 |
Question:
Which data supports the urban-rural comparison?
A) Urban: r = -0.7 – Strong negative correlation
B) Rural: r = -0.3 – Weaker correlation
C) Both – Urban correlation is stronger (more negative)
D) Neither – Both are negative
- C The claim compares strength (absolute value). |-0.7| > |-0.3|.
- Incorrect Answers:
- A/B: Only describe one dataset.
- D: Misinterprets the focus on relative strength.
10 Quantitative Evidence Examples from Gemini
Question 1 (Based on Prompt 1: Archaeological/Historical Research)
Passage:
Archaeologists excavating a Viking settlement in Greenland have uncovered several well-preserved woolen garments. To understand the sophistication of Viking textile production, researchers analyzed the thread counts of these garments. Historical texts suggest that finer textiles, those with a thread count exceeding 15 threads per centimeter in either the warp or weft, were indicative of advanced weaving techniques and were likely high-status items. The research team hypothesized that the settlement, though remote, had access to or produced such high-quality textiles, challenging previous notions of their isolation and resource limitations.
Data:
Artifact ID | Warp Thread Count (threads/cm) | Weft Thread Count (threads/cm) |
VL-001 | 12 | 14 |
VL-002 | 16 | 15 |
VL-003 | 14 | 13 |
VL-004 | 18 | 17 |
VL-005 | 13 | 16 |
Question:
Which data from the table support the researchers’ hypothesis regarding the presence of high-quality textiles at the Viking settlement?
(A) Artifact VL-001, because its combined warp and weft thread count is high.
(B) Artifacts VL-002 and VL-004, because at least one of their thread counts exceeds 15 threads per centimeter.
(C) Artifact VL-003, because its thread counts are the most consistent between warp and weft.
(D) Artifact VL-005, because its weft thread count exceeds its warp thread count, indicating specialized weaving.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.5
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (B)
- Reasoning: The passage defines high-quality textiles as those “with a thread count exceeding 15 threads per centimeter in either the warp or weft.”
- Artifact VL-002 has a warp count of 16 threads/cm (exceeding 15).
- Artifact VL-004 has a warp count of 18 threads/cm and a weft count of 17 threads/cm (both exceeding 15).
- Artifact VL-005 has a weft count of 16 threads/cm (exceeding 15). However, option B specifically mentions VL-002 and VL-004. Let’s re-evaluate. VL-002 has 16 (warp) and 15 (weft). VL-004 has 18 (warp) and 17 (weft). Both clearly meet the “exceeding 15” criterion in at least one dimension. Artifact VL-005 has a weft count of 16, also exceeding 15. The best option needs to reflect the hypothesis about the presence of such textiles. Options B, focusing on VL-002 and VL-004, provides clear examples. If the question implied all such artifacts, it would be phrased differently. B provides specific instances that support the hypothesis.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) The passage defines the threshold based on individual warp or weft counts, not their combined sum. VL-001 has 12 and 14, neither of which exceeds 15.
- (C) Consistency between warp and weft counts is not mentioned in the passage as an indicator of high quality according to the researchers’ criteria. VL-003’s counts (14 and 13) do not exceed 15.
- (D) While a difference between warp and weft counts might indicate something about weaving technique, the passage explicitly ties “high-quality” to exceeding 15 threads/cm in one dimension. Although VL-005’s weft count (16) does exceed 15, the reasoning provided in option D (weft exceeding warp as indicative of specialization) is not the criterion given in the passage for high quality.
- Reasoning: The passage defines high-quality textiles as those “with a thread count exceeding 15 threads per centimeter in either the warp or weft.”
Question 2 (Based on Prompt 1: Archaeological/Historical Research)
Passage:
A research team investigated the firing temperatures of ancient pottery shards recovered from site Kelenken. It is theorized that kilns capable of reaching sustained temperatures above 900°C were necessary to produce vitrified, non-porous ceramics, a hallmark of advanced pottery technology for the period. The team analyzed five distinct shards using thermoluminescence, aiming to determine if the Kelenken potters possessed this advanced capability. The presence of ceramics fired at or above this threshold would suggest a more sophisticated level of pyrotechnological control than previously attributed to the site’s inhabitants.
Data:
Shard ID | Estimated Peak Firing Temperature (°C) |
KK-A01 | 850 |
KK-A02 | 925 |
KK-B01 | 880 |
KK-C01 | 900 |
KK-C02 | 820 |
Question:
Which data from the table provide evidence supporting the researchers’ theory that the Kelenken potters had the capability to produce vitrified, non-porous ceramics?
(A) Shards KK-A01 and KK-C02, as their firing temperatures are the lowest, suggesting a baseline technology.
(B) Shard KK-B01, because its firing temperature is close to the 900°C threshold.
(C) Shards KK-A02 and KK-C01, because their estimated firing temperatures are at or above 900°C.
(D) All shards, because they collectively demonstrate a range of firing temperatures.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (C)
- Reasoning: The passage states that “kilns capable of reaching sustained temperatures above 900°C were necessary to produce vitrified, non-porous ceramics” and that firing “at or above this threshold would suggest a more sophisticated level of pyrotechnological control.”
- Shard KK-A02 was fired at 925°C (above 900°C).
- Shard KK-C01 was fired at 900°C (at the threshold). These two shards directly support the theory that the potters could achieve the necessary temperatures.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) Shards fired at lower temperatures (KK-A01 at 850°C, KK-C02 at 820°C) do not support the claim of achieving temperatures above 900°C; they represent the less advanced technology.
- (B) Being “close” to the threshold (KK-B01 at 880°C) is not the same as meeting or exceeding it. The passage specifies “above 900°C” or “at or above this threshold” for the advanced capability.
- (D) While the range is shown, the specific evidence for advanced capability comes from shards meeting the high-temperature criterion, not from the entire dataset indiscriminately. The researchers are looking for evidence of a specific
- Reasoning: The passage states that “kilns capable of reaching sustained temperatures above 900°C were necessary to produce vitrified, non-porous ceramics” and that firing “at or above this threshold would suggest a more sophisticated level of pyrotechnological control.”
Question 3 (Based on Prompt 2: Experimental Study)
Passage:
Dr. Aris Thorne and Dr. Lena Hanson investigated the stress tolerance of a novel crop variety, Triticum experimentalis, under varying salinity levels. They hypothesized that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) would enhance the crop’s ability to survive in saline conditions. In their controlled greenhouse experiment, seedlings were grown in hydroponic solutions with either low (50 mM NaCl) or high (150 mM NaCl) salinity. These conditions were maintained under two different atmospheric CO2 concentrations: ambient (400 ppm) or elevated (800 ppm). The researchers measured the mean survival duration in days for seedlings in each of the four conditions, with water availability and light intensity held constant across all groups.
Data: Mean Seedling Survival Duration (Days)
Salinity Level | Atmospheric CO2 | Mean Survival Duration (Days) |
Low (50 mM NaCl) | Ambient (400 ppm) | 35 |
Low (50 mM NaCl) | Elevated (800 ppm) | 42 |
High (150 mM NaCl) | Ambient (400 ppm) | 18 |
High (150 mM NaCl) | Elevated (800 ppm) | 25 |
Question:
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Thorne and Hanson’s hypothesis regarding the effect of carbon dioxide on Triticum experimentalis survival in saline conditions?
(A) At low salinity, seedlings in elevated CO2 survived for 42 days, whereas at high salinity in elevated CO2, they survived for 25 days.
(B) When atmospheric CO2 was held constant at ambient levels, seedlings at low salinity survived longer (35 days) than those at high salinity (18 days).
(C) In conditions of high salinity (150 mM NaCl), seedlings exposed to elevated CO2 (800 ppm) had a longer mean survival duration (25 days) than seedlings exposed to ambient CO2 (400 ppm), which survived for 18 days.
(D) The longest mean survival duration observed was 42 days, occurring in conditions of low salinity and elevated CO2.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0+
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (C)
- Reasoning: Thorne and Hanson’s hypothesis is that “increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) would enhance the crop’s ability to survive in saline conditions.” This implies comparing survival durations under different CO2 levels within the same salinity condition.
- Option (C) directly addresses this: At high salinity (a saline condition), survival increased from 18 days (ambient CO2) to 25 days (elevated CO2). This supports the hypothesis that elevated CO2 enhances survival under saline stress.
- A similar supportive comparison exists for low salinity: survival increased from 35 days (ambient CO2) to 42 days (elevated CO2). Option C focuses on one clear instance.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) This choice compares survival across different salinity levels (low vs. high) while keeping CO2 elevated. While true, it primarily demonstrates the negative impact of higher salinity, not the specific protective effect of CO2 within a given salinity level.
- (B) This choice describes the effect of salinity while CO2 is held constant. It does not test the hypothesis about the role of increased CO2.
- (D) While this statement is factually correct from the table, it describes a single optimal condition. It doesn’t, by itself, isolate and demonstrate the specific effect of increased CO2 on survival in saline conditions as effectively as (C) does by providing a direct comparison. The hypothesis is about enhancement due to CO2, which requires comparing different CO2 levels at the same salinity.
- Reasoning: Thorne and Hanson’s hypothesis is that “increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) would enhance the crop’s ability to survive in saline conditions.” This implies comparing survival durations under different CO2 levels within the same salinity condition.
Question 4 (Based on Prompt 2: Experimental Study)
Passage:
Researchers Drs. Ramirez and Chen conducted a study on the efficacy of two novel water purification tablets, Agent Alpha and Agent Beta, in eliminating E. coli bacteria from contaminated water. Their primary claim was that Agent Beta would show significantly greater bacterial reduction than Agent Alpha when water temperature was maintained at a cool 10°C. For their experiment, contaminated water samples were treated with either Agent Alpha, Agent Beta, or a placebo. All samples were kept at a constant 10°C in an environmental chamber, and light exposure was minimized to prevent UV degradation. After a standardized treatment period of 60 minutes, the percentage reduction in E. coli colony-forming units (CFUs) was recorded.
Data: Percentage Reduction in E. coli CFUs at 10°C
Treatment Agent | Initial CFU/mL (Average) | Final CFU/mL (Average) | Percentage Reduction (%) |
Placebo | 100,000 | 98,000 | 2% |
Agent Alpha | 100,000 | 30,000 | 70% |
Agent Beta | 100,000 | 5,000 | 95% |
Question:
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Ramirez and Chen’s specific claim regarding the comparative efficacy of Agent Alpha and Agent Beta under the specified experimental conditions?
(A) The placebo treatment resulted in only a 2% reduction in E. coli CFUs.
(B) Agent Alpha achieved a 70% reduction in E. coli CFUs when the water temperature was maintained at 10°C.
(C) At a constant temperature of 10°C, Agent Beta resulted in a 95% reduction in E. coli CFUs, while Agent Alpha resulted in a 70% reduction.
(D) The average initial CFU/mL was consistent across all treatment groups, ensuring a fair comparison.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.5
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (C)
- Reasoning: The researchers’ specific claim is that “Agent Beta would show significantly greater bacterial reduction than Agent Alpha when water temperature was maintained at a cool 10°C.”
- Option (C) directly compares the percentage reduction of Agent Beta (95%) and Agent Alpha (70%) under the specified condition (10°C). The data show 95% > 70%, supporting the claim that Agent Beta had greater efficacy.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) The placebo result is important context for the experiment (showing what happens without an active agent), but it doesn’t directly support the comparative claim between Agent Alpha and Agent Beta.
- (B) This statement describes the performance of Agent Alpha in isolation. While true, it doesn’t make the comparison necessary to support the researchers’ specific claim about Agent Beta being more effective than Agent Alpha.
- (D) Consistent initial CFU/mL is a feature of good experimental design (controlling a variable), but it is not a result that supports the claim about the agents’ comparative efficacy. It ensures the comparison is valid, but it isn’t the data that demonstrates the difference in efficacy.
- Reasoning: The researchers’ specific claim is that “Agent Beta would show significantly greater bacterial reduction than Agent Alpha when water temperature was maintained at a cool 10°C.”
Question 5 (Based on Prompt 3: Correlational Study)
Passage:
A study by psychologists Davies and Eriksson explored the relationship between daily screen time (in hours) and self-reported sleep quality (rated 1-10, higher indicating better quality) among adolescents. Participants (N=50) logged their screen time and rated their sleep quality each day for two weeks across three distinct contexts: weekdays during the school term, weekends during the school term, and weekdays during a school holiday period. The researchers analyzed the correlation between screen time and sleep quality for each context, recalling that correlation coefficients (r) range from -1 to 1, where values further from 0 indicate stronger relationships. They concluded that the negative association between screen time and sleep quality was strongest during weekdays of the school term.
Data: Correlation Coefficients (r) between Screen Time and Sleep Quality
Context | Correlation Coefficient (r) |
Weekdays (School Term) | -0.58 |
Weekends (School Term) | -0.32 |
Weekdays (School Holiday) | -0.41 |
Question:
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Davies and Eriksson’s conclusion about the comparative strength of the correlations?
(A) The correlation for weekdays during the school term (-0.58) is negative, while the correlation for weekends (-0.32) is also negative.
(B) The absolute value of the correlation for weekdays during the school term (|-0.58| = 0.58) is greater than the absolute values for weekends (|-0.32| = 0.32) and holiday weekdays (|-0.41| = 0.41).
(C) The correlation for weekends during the school term (-0.32) is the closest to 0, indicating the weakest relationship.
(D) All recorded correlations are negative, suggesting screen time consistently reduces sleep quality across all contexts.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (B)
- Reasoning: The passage states, “values further from 0 indicate stronger relationships.” The researchers concluded that the negative association “was strongest during weekdays of the school term.” To compare strength, we must compare the absolute values of the correlation coefficients.
- Weekdays (School Term): |-0.58| = 0.58
- Weekends (School Term): |-0.32| = 0.32
- Weekdays (School Holiday): |-0.41| = 0.41 Since 0.58 is greater than 0.32 and 0.41, the correlation for weekdays during the school term is indeed the strongest. Option (B) correctly identifies this comparison of absolute values.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) This statement correctly notes the direction (negative) of two correlations but does not compare their strength, which is the focus of the researchers’ conclusion.
- (C) While true that the correlation for weekends is closest to 0 and thus weakest, the researchers’ conclusion was about where the relationship was strongest, not weakest. This choice, though factually derivable, doesn’t directly support the stated conclusion.
- (D) This statement makes a generalization about the direction and implication of the correlations. While all are negative, it doesn’t specifically address the comparative strength which is the core of the researchers’ conclusion. The conclusion is about which context shows the strongest association, not just that all associations are negative.
- Reasoning: The passage states, “values further from 0 indicate stronger relationships.” The researchers concluded that the negative association “was strongest during weekdays of the school term.” To compare strength, we must compare the absolute values of the correlation coefficients.
Question 6 (Based on Prompt 3: Correlational Study)
Passage:
Researchers investigated the link between daily caffeine intake (in milligrams) and self-perceived daytime alertness (rated on a scale of 1 to 7, where 7 is most alert). They monitored 100 office workers over a month, collecting data in two conditions: standard workdays and days involving critical project deadlines. Correlations between caffeine intake and alertness were calculated. The study reminded readers that correlations closer to +1 or -1 are strong, while those closer to 0 are weak. The researchers hypothesized that the positive relationship between caffeine intake and alertness would be more pronounced (stronger) on days with critical project deadlines compared to standard workdays.
Data: Correlation (r) between Caffeine Intake and Daytime Alertness
Condition | Correlation Coefficient (r) |
Standard Workdays | +0.25 |
Critical Project Deadline Days | +0.48 |
Question:
Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers’ hypothesis about the strength of the correlation in different conditions?
(A) On standard workdays, the correlation was +0.25, indicating a weak positive relationship.
(B) The correlation of +0.48 on critical project deadline days is further from 0 than the correlation of +0.25 on standard workdays.
(C) Both correlations are positive, suggesting caffeine generally increases alertness in both conditions.
(D) The difference in correlation coefficients between the two conditions is 0.23.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 7.5
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (B)
- Reasoning: The researchers hypothesized that the positive relationship would be “more pronounced (stronger)” on deadline days. Strength of correlation is determined by how far the coefficient is from 0.
- Standard Workdays: r = +0.25 (distance from 0 is 0.25)
- Critical Project Deadline Days: r = +0.48 (distance from 0 is 0.48) Since 0.48 is further from 0 than 0.25, the correlation on deadline days is stronger, supporting the hypothesis. Option (B) accurately captures this comparison of distances from 0.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) While this statement is a correct interpretation of the data for standard workdays, it doesn’t make the comparison between conditions necessary to support the hypothesis about which condition shows a stronger
- (C) This statement notes the direction of the correlations but doesn’t address the comparative strength, which is the focus of the hypothesis.
- (D) Calculating the difference is a mathematical operation on the data, but simply stating the difference doesn’t explain why this supports the hypothesis. The support comes from the fact that the deadline day correlation is further from 0, indicating a stronger relationship as per the passage’s definition of correlation strength.
- Reasoning: The researchers hypothesized that the positive relationship would be “more pronounced (stronger)” on deadline days. Strength of correlation is determined by how far the coefficient is from 0.
Question 7 (Based on Prompt 4: Analytical Chemistry Research)
Passage:
Astrochemists analyzing meteorite sample ALM-001 sought to determine if its complex organic molecules, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were formed in situ in space or were the result of terrestrial contamination after landing. They employed high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify specific PAHs. A crucial part of their methodology involved analyzing a control sample: desert soil collected from the meteorite’s recovery site, which represents a potential source of contamination. The researchers concluded that certain PAHs in ALM-001 were likely extraterrestrial in origin, rather than solely from earthly contamination.
Data: Presence (+) / Absence (-) of Selected PAHs
Molecule | Meteorite ALM-001 | Desert Soil Control | Likely Origin (if only in ALM-001) |
Naphthalene | + | + | Contamination / Ambiguous |
Anthracene | + | + | Contamination / Ambiguous |
Phenanthrene | + | – | Extraterrestrial |
Pyrene | + | + | Contamination / Ambiguous |
Perylene | + | – | Extraterrestrial |
Question:
Which data from the table best support the researchers’ conclusion that certain PAHs in ALM-001 were likely extraterrestrial in origin?
(A) Naphthalene and Anthracene are present in both the meteorite and the desert soil control.
(B) Phenanthrene and Perylene are present in meteorite ALM-001 but are absent in the desert soil control.
(C) Pyrene is present in meteorite ALM-001, indicating complex organic chemistry.
(D) The desert soil control contains Naphthalene, Anthracene, and Pyrene.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0+
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (B)
- Reasoning: The researchers are trying to distinguish between extraterrestrial origin and terrestrial contamination. If a molecule is found in the meteorite but not in the potential contamination source (desert soil), it strengthens the argument for extraterrestrial origin.
- Phenanthrene: Present in ALM-001, Absent in Desert Soil.
- Perylene: Present in ALM-001, Absent in Desert Soil. These findings directly support the conclusion that these specific PAHs are likely not from contamination at the recovery site and thus could be extraterrestrial.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) If Naphthalene and Anthracene are in both, it suggests they could be contaminants (or also extraterrestrial, but their presence in the soil makes contamination a strong possibility). This does not uniquely support an extraterrestrial origin; it points towards ambiguity or contamination for these specific molecules.
- (C) The mere presence of Pyrene in the meteorite, while indicative of organic chemistry, doesn’t address the contamination question, as Pyrene is also found in the desert soil, making its origin ambiguous in this context.
- (D) This describes the composition of the control sample. While useful information, it doesn’t directly support the conclusion about the meteorite’s PAHs being extraterrestrial. In fact, it highlights which molecules in the meteorite could be contaminants.
- Reasoning: The researchers are trying to distinguish between extraterrestrial origin and terrestrial contamination. If a molecule is found in the meteorite but not in the potential contamination source (desert soil), it strengthens the argument for extraterrestrial origin.
Question 8 (Based on Prompt 4: Analytical Chemistry Research)
Passage:
A team of scientists investigated the composition of a newly discovered interstellar ice analogue, Sample X, created in a laboratory vacuum chamber simulating deep space conditions. Their goal was to ascertain if complex prebiotic molecules, specifically amino acids, could form under such conditions. A key concern in such experiments is differentiating between molecules truly formed in situ and those introduced as contaminants from the laboratory environment. To address this, a “blank” sample (Control B), consisting of the substrate on which Sample X was formed, was processed and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) alongside Sample X. The researchers claimed that glycine, a simple amino acid, was synthesized in Sample X and was not a mere contaminant.
Data: Detection of Selected Amino Acids
Amino Acid | Sample X (Interstellar Ice Analogue) | Control B (Blank Substrate) |
Glycine | Detected | Not Detected |
Alanine | Detected | Detected |
Serine | Not Detected | Not Detected |
Valine | Detected | Detected |
Question:
Which finding from the data table best supports the researchers’ claim regarding the synthesis of glycine in Sample X?
(A) Alanine was detected in both Sample X and Control B.
(B) Serine was not detected in either Sample X or Control B.
(C) Glycine was detected in Sample X but was not detected in Control B.
(D) Valine was detected in Sample X, indicating amino acid presence.
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (C)
- Reasoning: The researchers claim glycine was synthesized in Sample X and was not a contaminant. To support this, glycine should be present in Sample X but absent from the control sample (which would reveal contamination).
- The table shows Glycine: Detected in Sample X, Not Detected in Control B. This pattern is consistent with glycine being formed in Sample X rather than being a background contaminant from the substrate or lab environment.
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) If Alanine is detected in both samples, it suggests Alanine is likely a contaminant present in the experimental setup or substrate, or at least its origin in Sample X is ambiguous. This does not support the specific claim about glycine.
- (B) The absence of Serine in both samples provides no information about whether glycine was synthesized or was a contaminant. It simply indicates Serine was not formed or present under these conditions.
- (D) The detection of Valine in Sample X, while showing an amino acid is present, doesn’t support the claim about glycine’s synthesis free of contamination, because Valine was also found in Control B, indicating it is likely a contaminant.
- Reasoning: The researchers claim glycine was synthesized in Sample X and was not a contaminant. To support this, glycine should be present in Sample X but absent from the control sample (which would reveal contamination).
Question 9 (Based on Prompt 5: Government Agency Annual Data Report)
Passage:
The National Renewable Energy Directorate’s (NRED) latest annual report details shifts in energy generation sources across the country. The report categorizes energy into conventional thermal, nuclear, and renewable sources, with renewables further broken down into hydro, solar, and wind. A key finding highlighted an overall increase in the total gigawatt-hours (GWh) generated from all renewable sources compared to the previous year. Furthermore, the report made a specific comparative claim: the percentage increase in generation from wind power was more than double the percentage increase in generation from solar power. The NRED aims to use these findings to guide future investment strategies. Data for the percentage increase from the previous year are as follows:
Data: Year-over-Year Percentage Increase in Energy Generation
Energy Source Category | Percentage Increase from Previous Year (%) |
Conventional Thermal | 1.5% |
Nuclear | 0.8% |
All Renewables | 12.0% |
– Hydro | 5.0% |
– Solar | 7.5% |
– Wind | 16.0% |
Question:
Which of the following statements best completes the sentence below, according to the data provided?
The NRED report’s comparative claim that the percentage increase in wind power generation was more than double that of solar power is supported by the data showing that wind power increased by _______, while solar power increased by _______.
(A) 16.0%; 5.0%
(B) 12.0%; 7.5%
(C) 16.0%; 7.5%
(D) 5.0%; 16.0%
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0+
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (C)
- Reasoning: The passage states the comparative claim: “the percentage increase in generation from wind power was more than double the percentage increase in generation from solar power.” We need to find the data points that support this.
- Wind power increase = 16.0%
- Solar power increase = 7.5% Is 16.0% more than double 7.5%? Double 7.5% is 2 * 7.5% = 15.0%. Since 16.0% > 15.0%, the claim is supported. Option (C) correctly fills in the blanks with these respective percentages: “wind power increased by 16.0%, while solar power increased by 7.5%.”
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) This uses the hydro increase (5.0%) for solar. 16.0% is more than double 5.0% (which is 10.0%), but 5.0% is not the solar increase.
- (B) This uses the “All Renewables” increase (12.0%) for wind. 12.0% is not more than double 7.5% (which is 15.0%).
- (D) This swaps the values for wind and solar, and incorrectly implies solar increased more than wind.
- Reasoning: The passage states the comparative claim: “the percentage increase in generation from wind power was more than double the percentage increase in generation from solar power.” We need to find the data points that support this.
Question 10 (Based on Prompt 5: Government Agency Annual Data Report)
Passage:
The Department of Digital Economy’s annual “National Connectivity Survey” tracks trends in internet access and usage. Data are categorized by access type (e.g., fixed broadband, mobile internet) and by demographic groups (e.g., urban, rural). The most recent survey reported a general rise in overall internet penetration across all regions compared to the 2022 figures. Specifically, the report emphasized a significant development: the percentage point increase in mobile internet access in rural areas was notably greater than the percentage point increase in fixed broadband access in urban areas between 2022 and 2023. This finding is crucial for infrastructure planning.
Data: Internet Access Penetration (% of Population) and Year-over-Year Percentage Point Increase
Access Type & Region | 2022 Penetration (%) | 2023 Penetration (%) | Percentage Point Increase (2022-2023) |
Fixed Broadband – Urban | 70% | 75% | 5.0 |
Fixed Broadband – Rural | 30% | 33% | 3.0 |
Mobile Internet – Urban | 85% | 90% | 5.0 |
Mobile Internet – Rural | 60% | 68% | 8.0 |
Overall Internet Penetration | 72% | 78% | 6.0 |
Question:
To complete the statement from the report’s summary, “The survey data confirm our specific finding that the growth in mobile internet access in rural areas, which saw a _______ percentage point increase, substantially outpaced the growth of fixed broadband in urban areas, which experienced a _______ percentage point increase,” which figures should be inserted?
(A) 5.0; 8.0
(B) 8.0; 5.0
(C) 3.0; 5.0
(D) 6.0; 5.0
Difficulty Level: IELTS 8.0
Explanation:
- Correct Answer: (B)
- Reasoning: The statement highlights that “the percentage point increase in mobile internet access in rural areas was notably greater than the percentage point increase in fixed broadband access in urban areas.”
- From the table, the “Percentage Point Increase (2022-2023)” for “Mobile Internet – Rural” is 8.0.
- From the table, the “Percentage Point Increase (2022-2023)” for “Fixed Broadband – Urban” is 5.0. The statement structure is: “mobile internet access in rural areas, which saw a [figure for mobile rural] percentage point increase, substantially outpaced the growth of fixed broadband in urban areas, which experienced a [figure for fixed urban] percentage point increase.” Thus, 8.0 should be the first figure and 5.0 the second. Option (B) provides these figures in the correct order. (8.0 > 5.0, so it “substantially outpaced”).
- Incorrect Answer Explanations:
- (A) This reverses the correct figures. 5.0 (fixed urban) did not outpace 8.0 (mobile rural).
- (C) This uses the figure for “Fixed Broadband – Rural” (3.0) instead of “Mobile Internet – Rural” for the first blank.
- (D) This uses the “Overall Internet Penetration” increase (6.0) for the first blank, which is not the specific category mentioned (mobile internet in rural areas).
- Reasoning: The statement highlights that “the percentage point increase in mobile internet access in rural areas was notably greater than the percentage point increase in fixed broadband access in urban areas.”
10 Quantitative Evidence Examples from Perplexity
Example 1: Archaeological Research & Artifact Temperature (IELTS 7.5)
Passage:
A team of archaeologists investigated ancient pottery fragments from three distinct excavation sites. Using thermal analysis, they measured the maximum temperatures each fragment had been exposed to during its creation. The researchers concluded that only pottery fired above 900°C could have been produced using advanced kiln technology, indicating a significant technological leap by the ancient community.
Data Table:
Site | Fragment A | Fragment B | Fragment C |
Alpha | 850°C | 910°C | 890°C |
Beta | 905°C | 920°C | 880°C |
Gamma | 870°C | 860°C | 895°C |
Question:
Which data from the table best supports the researchers’ conclusion about advanced kiln technology?
A) Fragment A from Site Alpha
B) Fragment B from Site Alpha
C) Fragment C from Site Beta
D) Fragment C from Site Gamma
Explanation:
- B is correct because Fragment B from Site Alpha (910°C) exceeds the 900°C threshold, supporting the claim about advanced kiln technology.
- A and D are incorrect because their temperatures (850°C and 895°C) do not exceed the threshold.
- C is incorrect because Fragment C from Site Beta is only 880°C, below the required temperature.
Example 2: Experimental Study & Survival Time (IELTS 8.0+)
Passage:
Dr. Lin and Dr. Patel conducted an experiment to assess the effect of salinity on the survival time of a freshwater fish species, holding water temperature constant at 20°C. Fish were placed in tanks with varying salinity levels, and survival time (in hours) was recorded. The researchers claimed that increased salinity reduces survival time when temperature is held constant.
Data Table:
Salinity (ppt) | Survival Time (hours) |
0 | 48 |
5 | 36 |
10 | 24 |
15 | 12 |
Question:
Which choice best supports the researchers’ claim about the effect of salinity on survival time at constant temperature?
A) Survival time increases as salinity increases.
B) Survival time decreases as salinity increases.
C) Survival time remains unchanged as salinity increases.
D) Survival time is highest at 10 ppt salinity.
Explanation:
- B is correct because the data show a clear decrease in survival time as salinity rises, supporting the claim.
- A and C are incorrect; the data do not show an increase or no change.
- D is incorrect; survival time is highest at 0 ppt, not 10 ppt.
Example 3: Correlational Study & Strength of Correlations (IELTS 7.0)
Passage:
Researchers observed participants in three settings, recording hours of screen time and self-reported sleep quality. They calculated the correlation between screen time and sleep quality for each setting. They concluded that the strength of the negative correlation was greatest in the “Evening” context.
Data Table:
Context | Correlation (r) |
Morning | -0.22 |
Afternoon | -0.35 |
Evening | -0.61 |
Question:
Which choice best supports the researchers’ conclusion about the strength of the correlation?
A) The correlation is strongest in the Morning context.
B) The correlation is strongest in the Evening context.
C) The correlation is weakest in the Afternoon context.
D) The correlation is equally strong in all contexts.
Explanation:
- B is correct because the absolute value of -0.61 is greatest, indicating the strongest correlation.
- A and C are incorrect; -0.22 and -0.35 are weaker.
- D is incorrect; the strengths differ.
Example 4: Analytical Chemistry & Contamination (IELTS 8.0+)
Passage:
Scientists analyzed meteorite samples using gas chromatography to detect organic molecules. They compared the results to those from a control sample exposed to possible contamination sources. The researchers concluded that molecules found in the meteorite but absent in the control likely originated in space.
Data Table:
Molecule | Meteorite | Control |
A | Present | Absent |
B | Present | Present |
C | Absent | Present |
D | Present | Absent |
Question:
Which data best support the researchers’ conclusion about original formation in space?
A) Molecule B
B) Molecule C
C) Molecules A and D
D) Molecules B and C
Explanation:
- C is correct because A and D are present in the meteorite and absent in the control, supporting space origin.
- A and D are incorrect; B is present in both, C is absent in the meteorite.
- B is incorrect; C is not present in the meteorite.
Example 5: Government Data Report & Comparative Increase (IELTS 7.5)
Passage:
A government agency’s annual report categorized traffic accidents by cause: distracted driving, speeding, and weather. The report found that while all categories increased, the percentage increase in accidents due to distracted driving was greater than for speeding or weather.
Data Table:
Cause | 2023 Accidents | 2024 Accidents |
Distracted Driving | 1,000 | 1,400 |
Speeding | 2,000 | 2,300 |
Weather | 500 | 600 |
Question:
The data most strongly support the claim that the percentage increase in accidents due to distracted driving was greater than for other causes because:
A) Distracted driving increased by 40%, speeding by 15%, weather by 20%.
B) Distracted driving increased by 400, speeding by 300, weather by 100.
C) Speeding had the highest number of accidents in 2024.
D) Weather-related accidents increased by 100.
Explanation:
- A is correct because it uses percentage increases, supporting the comparative claim.
- B gives absolute numbers, not percentages.
- C and D do not address the comparative claim about percentage increases.
Example 6: Archaeological Research & Artifact Measurement (IELTS 7.0)
Passage:
Archaeologists measured the blade lengths of stone tools from two ancient settlements. They concluded that only tools longer than 12 cm were likely used for hunting large animals.
Data Table:
Settlement | Tool 1 | Tool 2 | Tool 3 |
East | 11 cm | 13 cm | 12 cm |
West | 14 cm | 10 cm | 15 cm |
Question:
Which data best support the researchers’ conclusion about hunting tools?
A) Tool 1 from East
B) Tool 2 from East
C) Tool 2 from West
D) Tool 3 from West
Explanation:
- D is correct because Tool 3 from West is 15 cm, exceeding the 12 cm threshold.
- A and C are incorrect; their lengths are below 12 cm.
- B is incorrect; Tool 2 from East is exactly 13 cm, but Tool 3 from West is longer and more clearly supports the claim.
Example 7: Experimental Study & Duration Data (IELTS 8.0)
Passage:
Dr. Huang and her team tested plant growth under different light intensities, keeping soil moisture constant. The team claimed that higher light intensity increases growth rate when moisture is held steady.
Data Table:
Light Intensity (lux) | Growth Rate (cm/week) |
100 | 1.2 |
500 | 2.5 |
1000 | 3.8 |
Question:
Which data best support the researchers’ claim?
A) Growth rate is highest at 100 lux.
B) Growth rate decreases as light intensity increases.
C) Growth rate increases as light intensity increases.
D) Growth rate is lowest at 1000 lux.
Explanation:
- C is correct; the data show increasing growth rates with higher light intensity.
- A, B, and D are contradicted by the data.
Example 8: Correlational Study & Absolute Value Comparison (IELTS 7.5)
Passage:
A psychology team measured stress and test performance in three classroom settings. They reported that the strongest correlation, regardless of sign, occurred in the “Exam” condition.
Data Table:
Setting | Correlation (r) |
Lecture | 0.31 |
Group | -0.48 |
Exam | -0.72 |
Question:
Which choice best supports the researchers’ conclusion?
A) The correlation in Group is stronger than in Exam.
B) The correlation in Exam is strongest based on absolute value.
C) The correlation in Lecture is strongest.
D) All settings have equal correlation strength.
Explanation:
- B is correct; |-0.72| = 0.72 is the largest.
- A and C are incorrect; their absolute values are smaller.
- D is incorrect; strengths differ.
Example 9: Analytical Chemistry & Molecule Origin (IELTS 8.0+)
Passage:
Chemists analyzed ice core samples and a nearby soil sample for trace metals using mass spectrometry. They concluded that metals found in ice but not in soil likely originated from atmospheric deposition rather than local contamination.
Data Table:
Metal | Ice Core | Soil Sample |
Lead | Present | Absent |
Zinc | Present | Present |
Iron | Absent | Present |
Copper | Present | Absent |
Question:
Which data best support the researchers’ conclusion?
A) Zinc
B) Lead and Copper
C) Iron
D) Zinc and Iron
Explanation:
- B is correct; Lead and Copper are present in ice but absent in soil.
- A and C are incorrect; Zinc and Iron are present in both or only in soil.
- D is incorrect; Iron is not present in ice.
Example 10: Government Report & Percentage Increase (IELTS 7.5)
Passage:
A national agency’s report tracked annual increases in three types of renewable energy installations: solar, wind, and hydroelectric. The report stated that solar installations grew at a higher percentage rate than wind or hydroelectric.
Data Table:
Type | 2023 Installations | 2024 Installations |
Solar | 5,000 | 7,500 |
Wind | 4,000 | 5,200 |
Hydroelectric | 2,000 | 2,200 |
Question:
Which data most effectively support the report’s claim?
A) Solar increased by 50%, wind by 30%, hydroelectric by 10%.
B) Solar increased by 2,500, wind by 1,200, hydroelectric by 200.
C) Wind had the highest total installations in 2024.
D) Hydroelectric increased by 200.
Explanation:
- A is correct; it uses percentage increases, directly supporting the comparative claim.
- B gives absolute numbers, not percentage rates.
- C and D do not address the comparative claim.